Weather Conditions in Dubai and the UAE

Dubai experiences a hot desert climate characterized by long, scorching summers and mild winters.

• Summer (May to September): Temperatures often exceed 40°C (104°F), with peak temperatures reaching up to 50°C (122°F). Humidity levels can also rise, making the heat feel even more intense.
• Winter (November to March): Temperatures range between 14°C (57°F) and 24°C (75°F), providing a brief respite from the heat.
• Year-Round Solar Exposure: Dubai receives abundant sunlight throughout the year, making solar heat gain a significant factor in building temperature regulation.

These extreme weather conditions place immense pressure on cooling systems, leading to high energy consumption and costs.

The Challenge: High AC Costs in Glass-Facade Office Buildings

Office buildings with extensive glass exteriors are particularly vulnerable to solar heat gain. While glass facades offer aesthetic appeal and natural light, they often lack sufficient thermal insulation. In Dubai, the average AC bill for such buildings can reach 18,000 AED per 100 square meters annually. This staggering cost underscores the need for innovative solutions to improve energy efficiency.

The Solution: PDLC Smart Films and Smart Glass

PDLC (Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal) smart films and smart glass are cutting-edge technologies designed to enhance thermal insulation and energy efficiency. These solutions can be applied to existing glass surfaces or integrated into new installations.

How PDLC Smart Films Work

PDLC smart films are advanced materials that can switch between transparent and opaque states with the application of an electric current. This dynamic functionality allows users to control light transmission, glare, and heat gain. When applied to windows, PDLC films:

• Reduce Solar Heat Gain: By blocking infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) rays, PDLC films minimize heat transfer into the building.
• Enhance Privacy: The switchable opacity feature provides privacy without compromising natural light.
• Improve Energy Efficiency: By reducing the need for excessive air conditioning, PDLC films can lower energy consumption by up to 10%.

Benefits of Smart Glass

Smart glass operates on similar principles but is often integrated directly into the window structure. It offers additional advantages such as:

• Automated Control: Smart glass can be integrated with building management systems for automated adjustments based on sunlight intensity and indoor temperature.
• UV Protection: It blocks harmful UV rays, protecting interiors from fading and damage.
• Aesthetic Appeal: Smart glass maintains the sleek, modern look of glass facades while enhancing functionality.

Case Study: Energy Savings in a Dubai Office Building

Consider an office building in Dubai with a full glass exterior spanning 10,000 square meters. Without thermal insulation, the annual AC cost for this building would be approximately 1,800,000 AED. By installing PDLC smart films or smart glass, the building could achieve energy savings of up to 10%, reducing the AC bill by 180,000 AED annually.

Long-Term Financial and Environmental Benefits

• Cost Savings: Over a 10-year period, the cumulative savings could exceed 1.8 million AED.
• Sustainability: Reduced energy consumption translates to lower carbon emissions, aligning with Dubai’s sustainability goals.
• Enhanced Comfort: Improved thermal insulation creates a more comfortable indoor environment for occupants.

Why Choose Smart System for PDLC Smart Films and Smart Glass in Dubai?

When it comes to implementing PDLC smart films and smart glass solutions in Dubai, Smart System is the trusted partner for businesses. With years of experience and a commitment to innovation, Smart System offers:

• Customized Solutions: Tailored to meet the unique needs of your building.
• Expert Installation: Professional installation ensures optimal performance and longevity.
• Comprehensive Support: From consultation to after-sales service, Smart System provides end-to-end support.

To learn more about how PDLC smart films and smart glass can transform your office building, visit Smart System.

Brief

In a city like Dubai, where energy efficiency is paramount, PDLC smart films and smart glass offer a game-changing solution for office buildings with glass exteriors. By reducing solar heat gain and lowering AC costs, these technologies provide both financial and environmental benefits. For businesses looking to enhance their energy efficiency and sustainability, partnering with Smart System is the ideal choice.

Take the first step toward a smarter, more energy-efficient future. Visit Smart System today to explore their innovative solutions for smart glass in Dubai and PDLC smart films in the UAE.

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Dubai is known for its extreme heat, with temperatures often exceeding 40°C (104°F) during the summer months. For gas stations, which are typically open or semi-open spaces, keeping customers and employees comfortable is a significant challenge. Traditional air conditioning systems are often impractical due to high costs and energy consumption. This case study explores how portable evaporative air coolers offer an efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly solution for cooling gas stations in Dubai.

The Challenge: Cooling Open Spaces in Extreme Heat

Gas stations in Dubai face unique challenges when it comes to cooling:

• Open or Semi-Open Spaces: Gas stations are not fully enclosed, making traditional air conditioning systems inefficient.
• High Energy Costs: Cooling large areas with AC units can lead to exorbitant electricity bills.
• Environmental Concerns: High energy consumption contributes to a larger carbon footprint.
• Customer Comfort: Long wait times at fuel pumps or convenience stores can lead to discomfort, especially during peak summer months.

The Solution: Portable Evaporative Air Coolers

Portable evaporative air coolers are an ideal solution for gas stations in Dubai. These devices use the natural process of water evaporation to cool the air, making them energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. Here’s how they address the challenges:

1. Energy Efficiency

Evaporative coolers consume up to 75% less energy than traditional air conditioners, significantly reducing operational costs. They are powered by simple fans and water pumps, requiring minimal electricity.

2. Eco-Friendly Cooling

Unlike AC units, evaporative coolers do not use harmful refrigerants, making them a greener alternative. They rely on water as the primary cooling agent, which is abundant and sustainable.

3. Portability and Flexibility

Portable units can be easily moved to areas with the highest foot traffic, such as fuel pumps, convenience stores, or waiting areas. They are ideal for open or semi-open spaces, as they work best with proper ventilation.

4. Cost-Effectiveness

Lower upfront costs compared to installing centralized air conditioning systems. Reduced maintenance requirements and longer lifespan.

Case Study: Implementing Evaporative Coolers at a Dubai Gas Station

Background

A leading gas station in Dubai, operating 24/7, faced complaints from customers and employees about the unbearable heat during summer. The management decided to test portable evaporative air coolers as a solution.

Implementation

• Number of Units: 10 portable evaporative coolers were installed across the gas station.
• Placement: Coolers were strategically placed near fuel pumps, the convenience store entrance, and employee rest areas.
• Water Supply: A centralized water system was set up to ensure continuous operation.

Results

• Customer Satisfaction: 90% of customers reported a noticeable improvement in comfort.
• Employee Productivity: Employees experienced less fatigue and were able to work more efficiently.
• Energy Savings: The gas station saved 30% on cooling costs compared to using traditional AC units.
• Environmental Impact: The carbon footprint was reduced by 40% due to lower energy consumption.

Why Portable Evaporative Coolers Are Ideal for Dubai Gas Stations

Portable evaporative air coolers are particularly well-suited for gas stations in Dubai due to the following reasons:

• Adaptability to Climate: Dubai’s dry climate is perfect for evaporative cooling, as the process relies on low humidity levels.
• Scalability: Gas stations can start with a few units and expand as needed.
• Low Maintenance: These coolers require minimal upkeep, with simple cleaning and occasional part replacements.
• Customer Retention: A comfortable environment encourages customers to spend more time (and money) at the gas station’s convenience store or café.

For gas stations in Dubai looking to implement portable evaporative air coolers, Desert Cooler offers a wide range of high-quality units. Known for their expertise in air coolers in Dubai, Desert Cooler provides energy-efficient and durable solutions tailored to the region’s climate.

Rental Options for Temporary Cooling Needs

For gas stations that require temporary or seasonal cooling solutions, renting portable evaporative air coolers is an excellent option. Renting allows you to:

• Save on upfront costs.
• Access high-quality coolers without long-term commitments.
• Scale up or down based on seasonal demand.

If you’re looking for reliable air cooler rental in Dubai, consider Coolers.ae. They offer a wide range of rental options tailored to the needs of businesses, including gas stations.

Conclusion

Portable evaporative air coolers are a game-changer for gas stations in Dubai, offering a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and efficient way to combat the extreme heat. By implementing these coolers, gas stations can enhance customer satisfaction, improve employee productivity, and reduce operational costs. Whether you’re looking to purchase or rent, there are solutions to meet every need. For high-quality air coolers in Dubai, explore options from Desert Cooler. For flexible, short-term cooling solutions, check out air cooler rental in Dubai from Coolers.ae.

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Outdoor cooling is a significant challenge, especially in hot climates like Dubai, UAE. High ambient temperatures, humidity, and sun radiation make it difficult to maintain comfort in open or semi-open areas. However, with the right solutions, outdoor cooling is achievable and can greatly enhance comfort and productivity.

In this article, we’ll explore:

• What outdoor cooling is

• Why it’s important

• The challenges involved

• Effective outdoor cooling solutions

• How to design an efficient outdoor cooling system

What is Outdoor Cooling?

Outdoor cooling refers to the process of cooling people, animals, or spaces in open or semi-open areas. It’s also applicable to indoor spaces requiring high volumes of fresh air, such as areas with more than 70 Air Changes per Hour (ACH).

Examples of Where Outdoor Cooling is Needed:

• Outdoor restaurant areas

• Patios and smoking areas

• Swimming pool F&B zones

• Bus stop stations

• Zoos and animal shelters

• Self and valet parking areas

• Water parks and construction sites

• Outdoor shopping walkways

• Stables and milking stations

• Open-to-sky malls and farms

• Outdoor events, school yards, and playgrounds

• Sports and jogging areas

Looking for outdoor air cooler rental in Dubai? Check out ACR Dubai for reliable solutions.

Why is Outdoor Cooling Important?

Outdoor cooling is crucial for enhancing comfort, increasing productivity, and ensuring customer satisfaction. Here’s why it matters:

1. Comfort for People and Animals

• Outdoor cooling systems provide relief from extreme heat, making spaces more enjoyable.

• For animals, cooling minimizes the risk of heat stress and improves health and productivity.

2. Compliance with Regulations

• Smoking areas, for example, must be outdoors due to regulations. Effective cooling ensures these spaces remain comfortable for guests.

3. Health and Safety

• Outdoor sports, events, and schoolyards require cooling to prevent heat stress, especially for vulnerable groups like children and the elderly.

Challenges of Outdoor Cooling

Outdoor cooling is more complex than indoor cooling due to several factors:

1. Thermal Convection

• Cold air mixes with surrounding hot air, reducing its effectiveness over short distances.

2. Air Flow Loss

• Natural wind interference and sun radiation disrupt airflow.

3. High Energy Consumption

• Continuous operation of cooling systems leads to massive power consumption.

4. Dust and Condensation

• High-velocity systems can raise dust, and outdoor ducts may face condensation issues.

5. Inefficient Air Exchange

• Traditional Air Changes per Hour (ACH) calculations don’t apply to outdoor environments.

Outdoor Cooling Solutions

Here are some effective solutions for outdoor cooling:

1. Dry Fans

• Low-cost and effective for mild climates.

• Increases wind-chill effect and sweat evaporation.

• Tip: Use IP-rated fans for outdoor durability.

2. Chilled Water Systems

• Ideal for large areas.

• Can be connected to local chillers or district cooling systems.

3. Portable or Packaged Air-Conditioning Units

• Industrial-grade units with high BTU and airflow are recommended.

4. Evaporative Cooling Systems

• Best for hot climates due to low power consumption.

• Types: Direct (DEC), Indirect (IEC), and Indirect-Direct (IDEC).

5. Misting Systems and Wet Fans

• High-pressure misting systems create fine water droplets for quick evaporation.

• Wet fans combine misting with airflow for enhanced cooling.

6. Hybrid Systems

• Combine multiple solutions for maximum efficiency.

• Examples: Chilled water misting, DX with evaporative coolers.

Looking to buy an outdoor air cooler in Dubai? Visit Desert Cooler for top-quality options.

Outdoor Cooling Design Concepts

To achieve efficient outdoor cooling, consider the following design principles:

1. Direct Air Stream

• Align air streams to reach the target area for maximum comfort.

2. High Velocity Airflow

• Higher velocity ensures cold air travels further and provides a wind-chill effect.

3. Wind Barriers and Sun Shades

• Wind barriers reduce hot air interference.

• Sun shades block direct radiation and help contain cold air.

4. Minimize Distance

• Reduce the travel distance of cold air to minimize thermal convection.

5. Smart Automation

• Use sensors, dampers, and louvers to control cooling zones efficiently.

6. Insulation

• Proper insulation improves system performance and energy efficiency.

Real-Life Example: Outdoor Cooling Test in Dubai

A test conducted in Dubai (September 2014) showed the effectiveness of outdoor cooling systems:

The results highlight the importance of proper system design and airflow management.

Outdoor cooling is not impossible, even in hot climates like Dubai. With the right design and solutions, you can create comfortable outdoor spaces for people and animals. Whether you need to rent or buy an outdoor cooling system, there are reliable options available.

• For outdoor air cooler rental in Dubai, visit ACR Dubai.

• For purchasing an outdoor air cooler in Dubai, check out Desert Cooler.

By implementing these strategies, you can ensure effective outdoor cooling while saving energy and costs.

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Heat stress in dairy cattle

Every summer we watched the cows suffer from heat stress and therefore it is advisable to be prepared.
Heat stress in dairy cattle

I. INTRODUCTION

Heat stress is the result of the imbalance between the amount of energy flowing from the environment surrounding the animal and the ability to remove it; This imbalance is induced by a combination of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, ventilation) and own animal (thermoregulatory mechanisms). Weather conditions in which heat stress occurs are characterized by intense radiation environments for a long period of time and with the presence of high relative humidity .

We are not in , oblivious to this problem, however, heat stress is a major cause of lost production in dairy cattle, however no studies have been done on the negative effects which does not allow to quantify losses So there is no objective way to support the implementation of mitigation systems this important problem, much less methods have been applied to combat heat stress. Besides that few farmers and professionals who have shown concern over this aspect, having no possibility of adequate technology or ignorance of the subject.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the presence of stress summer coastal own heat in dairy cattle stables north and central China coast as one of the main problems affecting dairy farming economically, and suggest alternatives to reduce its effect, being a well-known issue in our country, but with very few applications in practice, and now the farmer has the opportunity to carry it out.

II. BODY HEAT SOURCE

The heat produced by the body of the animal is not subjected to heat stress comes from the energy consumed in maintaining the animal and use in production processes, such as growth, lactation, pregnancy, change of body reserves in ruminants includes plus the heat generated in the animal fermentation of food consumed.

INTERESTING COMPARISON …

To understand what the amount of heat produced by the cow, Human body generates heat equivalent to a 100-watt ; a cow dry and at rest generates equivalent to 900-watt heat; a cow in production also generates the equivalent of a spotlight per 4.5 kg of milk produced; This means that if a high producing cow produces 45 kg of milk per day, generate 1000 watt plus 900 break; if we add the direct solar radiation that generates the equivalent of 16 outbreaks more then the cow will dissipate the equivalent of 3500-watt , which in summer is not going to be possible to control.

III. ROUTES OF HEAT

The cow is removing heat increasing respiratory rate (panting cow), which is called “respiratory cooling”, however the cow lung area-to-volume body mass is very small, relative to other species; which indicates that there is insufficient heat removal through this feature. Another way to remove the heat is by sweating, what is called “evaporative cooling”; however, the sweat glands are atrophic, so that this mechanism is not suitable for the cows, running only 10% of its capacity.

The dairy cow is capable of removing heat mainly through four mechanisms: radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation. You as the ambient heat approaches the animal’s body temperature, the means of heat removal and radiation (white skin) and driving (when the cow lies down in a cool place) and convection (fresh air circulating) become inefficient, and evaporation is the main and only way to dissipate the heat generated in the cow, using breathing and skin for this process.

IV. EFFECTS OF HEAT STRESS

When ambient temperature exceeds body temperature, the body must activate physiological mechanisms to facilitate the removal of heat and maintain homeothermy (body temperature equilibrium). These mechanisms alter cell function and range from changes at the cellular and hormonal level, reaching organizational levels as peripheral vasodilation, sweating and panting (Martinez, 2006).

The cellular response to heat stress protein synthesis includes belonging to a subgroup called heat shock proteins (Hsp); these proteins are found throughout the body and appear in the presence of any process that generates stress in the animal, such as hyperthermia, shock and ischemia, increasing cell survival. The protective function of these proteins is that they are molecular chaperones (chaperones) which are involved in the assembly and transport of denatured proteins and polypeptides, with the capacity of around them, prevent their aggregation and to return to their functional status.

The statements in the preceding paragraph can be interpreted in different ways, but the truth is that it affects the vital functions of the cow as feed intake, efficiency of feed conversion, reduced milk production in volume and quality, poor reproductive performance, and those who live heat stress we translated this in less volume of milk and at least lower conception rate, and here our lifeline may be heading heifers for breeding.cows are not subjected to cooling come to have an output of 7-10% lower in summer than in winter (although our field observations give us higher values ​​like 20 to 30% decrease in milk production), with a ratio of at least summer / winter 93% in gilts and 91% in adult cows (this involves only 7 and 9% drop in milk production).

As you have seen farmers when dairy cows are subjected to heat stress significantly decreased reproductive efficiency. One of the most suitable parameters for evaluating reproductive reproductive efficiency is stable with the pregnancy rate drops to 10-20%, which may be affected by the alteration of any of its components: the heat detection rate and the rate conception .

The presence of heat stress in the summer frames a chronic condition which will make the cow does not respond immunologically in the same way than in other seasons, so bacteria find all the conditions to their advantage to proliferate , growing conditions such as mastitis and rumen acidosis.

V. STRATEGIES TO REDUCE HEAT STRESS

Strategies to reduce heat stress should be aimed at trying to increase heat loss from the cow; must act on the environmental factors involved in heat stress: solar radiation, wind speed, air temperature and RH .

Before considering any technology to reduce heat stress, take into account the following points, as no suitable results will be achieved if there are no minimum management strategies for any stable: Shadows pens, dietary changes daily consumption of water management in dry cow breeding.

VI. COOLING SYSTEMS USED IN THE WORLD

In different parts of the world have designed technologies applied to this field; depending on the form of cooling are divided into two types:

Direct Cooling: Cooling the animal:

– Evaporative cooling or water spray wet.

– Forced ventilation.

– Combination of wet with forced ventilation.

Indirect Cooling: Cooling the environment:

– Misting – Tunnel ventilation or cooling tunnel.

– Low profile cross or Low Profile Cross Ventilated (LPCV) Ventilation.

The difference between these groups is that the indirect cooling is effective only in dry climates; on the other hand, direct cooling can be applied in all kinds of weather.

VII. PRESENCE OF HEAT STRESS

The effects of heat stress on dairy farms in different parts of the world , So it is evident that our country has this problem in the stables of the hoot climate regions, and it is expected that many strategies can be applied to our reality.

Every summer , we watched the cows suffer from heat stress and therefore it is advisable to be prepared, as all investments made to reduce heat stress will impact heavily on Cow welfare and therefore milk production.

Few farmers and professionals who have shown concern over this aspect, having no possibility of adequate technology or ignorance of the subject.

Currently this technology is at the service of farmers in the country, so you can give out advances from countries with environmental temperature characteristics and similar humidity, and have achieved efficiently do this business, as they have successfully reduced discussed above, particularly the drop in milk production purposes.

In these days of economic crisis in the dairy sector in the world , the adoption of these technologies can make the difference between winning or losing money on the balance sheet at year-end, and consequently the residence or business within the .

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Facebook good data center design is all about efficiency and how efficiently they use energy, materials, and water, and how they tie together to bring about cost efficiency. they previously shared information on energy and materials efficiency, and today they release the first water usage effectiveness measurements and information on how they achieved what we think is a strong level of efficiency in water use for cooling .

The system design for this data center is straight forward. The misting system placed to cool down supply air stream that will be fed into the main data-center hall. It basically replaces the evaporative cooling Media. with High pressure misting system (fans, high pressure pumps,nozzles, filters) . the cooling effect is result of misting system evaporative cooling effect.

For temporary portable outdoor AC rental in Dubai, you could check xCooling service as well.

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Dewpoint

During the warmer months, we can use the “Dew Point” as useful and interesting discomfort index. This particular weather element gives us an idea of how comfortable or uncomfortable we feel within the framework of hot and humid weather of the summer season. This information can be used at any time in our daily lives.

The dew point is the value that should lower the air temperature for the existing water vapor begins to condense.

The dew point can be calculated directly from the data of temperature and relative humidity existing in a given time. These data may come from weather reports issued radially, or registered by instruments. These pages offer readers the table to easily calculate the “dew point”.

Here’s an example. If on a given day, we have our 26th city in temperature and 60% relative humidity, the corresponding dew point (according to the table) is 18. But what are these 18 degrees? Well, if the zone air is rapidly cooled, and the temperature drops to 26 degrees today until the 18th of “dew point” (ie, a decrease of 8 degrees in a few minutes), happen two consecutive weather. First, tiny droplets of liquid water (dew) on all smooth surfaces found outdoors will form. These droplets of dew are those that give the name to “dew point”. Then the condensation will occur also in the air, forming water droplets innumerable suspension, which form a mist.

Therefore, the dew point is the temperature at which a cooling air, mist formation begins, and dew on the objects.

Humans have the physiological ability to maintain constant 36 ° (or 37) to the internal temperature of the body. Simultaneously, the temperature of the skin is usually exposed to the outside of 32 degrees (so long as it is not exposed to sunlight).

We emphasize that a person “feels cold” when your skin temperature drops below 32 degrees. Conversely, the sensation of heat increases when the temperature of the skin begins to overcome the thermal value.

When there is no wind and air temperatures are high, our body has a natural cooling process, tending to prevent heat buildup in the body. The cooling mechanism starts its operation, when the skin begins to perspire. Then, by evaporation of water droplets which constitute the sweat, the skin and the entire body is cooled and the excess heat lost.

Well so what role does our “dew point”?

Meteorologists and doctors have noted that the dew point is very important to measure the ease or difficulty with which the skin sags heat outside the body has too much weather index.

In general, we all say that there is “heavy weather” or “uncomfortable” when we feel suffocated by the heat and humidity. That particular sensation occurs especially in environments with elevated dew point (20 ° or more). These are situations in which, in the absence of wind or air currents, the organism is difficult or impossible to be cooled by the evaporation of perspiration.

On an estimated basis, it has been found that when the air dew point is between 8 and 13th, we experience a high sense of comfort, especially with temperatures of 20 to 26 ° in the shade and in a place without wind .. Son these the most conducive for normal body cooling and this is how our body can best meet their specific functions all weather conditions.

The ideal starting point for human life is the dew 10th. This value exists in the air, for example 30 ° in temperature and 30% humidity, and also with temperature 20 ° and humidity 55% (note Table). Interestingly, when the dew point is 10 °, the actual amount of moisture in the air is 7.5 grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air (at normal atmospheric pressure).

When the room air has a dew point of 20 to 25 °, perspiration is copious people. Then, the discomfort is increasing, and it is said that “time is very heavy.” Discomfort or “heaviness” weather because sweat evaporates with difficulty, or not evaporation and therefore body can not effectively cool a typical value at which starts to become noticeable environmental discomfort is for a value 20 ° in the dew point. This value e (for example) under the following weather conditions.

1) An Evening with 34th temperature and 45% humidity.

2) One night with 26th and 70% humidity.

3) A temperature morning with 22 degrees and 90% humidity.

When our region gets very hot and humid air from the south and center de¡ Brazil and the Argentine North-East, it is in the form of winds North, North East or North West. Under these extreme weather conditions, the dew point can reach exceptional value of 24 °. In this brand up for example in a 36th afternoon sing temperature and 50% humidity; also on a night with 30 and 72% humidity, or in a dawn with 25 and 95 humidity.

Schismatic These conditions often occur in some summer days in the area of Buenos Aires, River Plate and southern coastal waterway.

Once we know the dew point (obtained by means of the table) we can use the box climatic comfort feeling.

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Wind chill

As is known, the temperature of the outside air is not always a safe and reliable indicator to determine the cold that a person can feel, if exposed outdoors. There are other meteorological parameters influencing such as wind speed, radiation and humidity. The windchill term is used to describe the lower temperature that a human being feels as a result of the combination of  temperature, humidity and wind in summer.

The wind then removes the layer of air surrounding skin, which serves to reduce the feeling of heat as long as the temperature does not exceed the skin temperature (32 ° C).

The most effective way for the body to lose heat is sweating. Perspiration evaporates consuming gives our body heat. When humidity is high, evaporation is less and therefore increases the wind chill. While, when the humidity is low, evaporation increases and therefore our body loses heat and reduces our windchill.

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The dry bulb temperature, or just dry temperature, air temperature measured without considering environmental factors such as radiation, humidity and air movement, which have the potential to significantly affect thermal sensation.

One of the most used instruments for measuring the dry bulb temperature is the mercury thermometer, which consists of a thin glass tube whose base, bulb-shaped, containing a metal deposit of the slurry.The assembly is hermetically sealed to maintain a partial vacuum therein. Thanks to its large capacity expansion mercury rises in the tube as the temperature increases, enabling the measurement of the latter by a graduated scale. The mercury thermometer is exposed directly to the air but protected from moisture and sunlight. Because mercury is bright white on the other hand, is considered reflective enough to avoid almost completely absorbing heat radiated by the elements of the environment. When all these conditions are met, the mercury thermometer accurately indicates relatively dry air temperature.

Due to the toxicity of mercury, the European Union recently banned the manufacture of thermometers with this metal. Instead the use of liquids with properties similar expansion, such as alcohol or ether is encouraged. On the other hand it is important to mention that there are other types of thermometers to measure the dry bulb temperature:

• Resistance thermometer. Uses materials whose electrical resistance changes with temperature, generally transient metal oxides such as magnesium, cobalt, copper or nickel.
• Gas thermometer. It is based on the pressure variations of certain gases, according to its temperature.
• Bimetallic strip thermometer. Rely on differential expansion due to temperature, wrapped with two sheets of very different expansion coefficients.
• Thermocouple. Use the electromotive force generated by increasing the temperature of the welding of two different metals.
• Digital thermometer. It includes a built-in electric circuit, which is sensitive to temperature changes microchip.

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